Timeline

(Found from Germany Booklet given in class)
 * German Unification**


 * 1815** – Constitutions were introduced in some German states, but most German rulers, including the King of Prussia, simply ignored their pledge to give their people constitutions. __(Page 86 – “The Germanic Confederation”)__


 * 1815** – 38 German states employed 8000 customs officials who collected duty on the transit of 2775 separate items within and between the German States __(Page 88 – “The Zollverein”)__


 * 1816** – 16 university Branches of Burschenschaften (students who wanted to reform and move towards political liberalism) __(Page 86 – “The Germanic Confederation”)__


 * 1816-1819** – Burschenshaften agitated for political reform. __(Page 86 – “The Carlsbad Decrees”)__


 * 1817** – Most celebrated meeting of the Burshchenshaften – started a bonfire and lit books and regulations symbolising the absolutist authority of German Princes __(Page 86 – “The Carlsbad Decrees”)__


 * 1818** – Prussia abolished all its internal tariff areas and introduced a single, modest tariff which applied only to goods coming into Prussia __(Page 88 – “The Zollverein”)__


 * 1819** – A deranged student murdered a playwright named Kotzebue, to whom he had suspected to be a spy working for the Tsar of Russian. MURDER WAS AN EXCUSE FOR METTERNICH TO STOP THE BURSCHENSCHAFTEN AND THEIR POLITICAL IDEAS. __(Page 86 – “The Carlsbad Decrees”)__


 * 1819 August** – meeting called by Metternich had started drawing up a series of decrees (Carlsbad Decrees) to dissolve the burschenshaften __(Page 86 – “The Carlsbad Decrees”)__


 * 1828** – Prussia Raised its tariff on goods entering its territory from outside and its move brought pressure to German States to merge with the Prussian customs __(Page 88 – “The Zollverein”)__


 * 1830** – Liberal movements within the German states of Brunswick, Hanover, Saxony and Hesse Cassel __(Page 86 – “The 1830s”)__


 * 1832** – Rally by more than 30 000 people in Phenish Bravaria called for unity of the German States. __(Page 86 – “The 1830s”)__


 * 1830-1840’s** – liberal and nationalistic movement in Germany was contained. __(Page 87 – “The 1830s”)__


 * 1834 January 1st** – Prussian Customs Unit (Zollverein) came into place. __(Page 88 – “The Zollverein”)__


 * 1835** – First railway was made within Germany __(Page 87 – “Economic Development”)__


 * 1840** – 450 kms of railways made within Germany __(Page87 – “Economic Development”)__


 * 1848 February 23rd** – Vienna learnt that in Paris, the regime of Louis Philippe resulted in violence. __(Page 88 – “1848 – The Year of Revolutions”)__


 * 1848 February 24th** – Paris, as a city was in revolutionary ferment and Louis Philippe was abdicated __(Page 88 – “1848 – The Year of Revolutions”)__


 * 1848 February 29th** – students within Vienna had heard about Louis Philippe – also stunned Europe. __(Page 88 – “1848 – The Year of Revolutions”)__


 * 1848 March 13th** – students within Vienna staged Vienna forcing Metternich to resign as Foreign Minister after serving in that office for 39 years __(Page 88 – “1848 – The Year of Revolutions”)__


 * 1848 March 18th** – Frederick William heard of Metternich resignation and declared his intention of calling together a Prussian Diet, granting a constitution, initiating various political reforms and sponsoring a reorganisation of the Germanic Confederation __(Page 88 – “1848 – The Year of Revolutions”)__
 * 1848 May** – Prussian National Assembly; King Frederick William had remained hostile to reform and to any dilution of his powers. __(Page 90____– “The Triumph of Reaction of Prussia____”)__


 * 1848 May 18th** – New Parliament of the German states called Frankfurt Parliament met for the first time at Frankfurt-on-Main __(Page 90 –__ __“The Frankfurt Parliament____”)__
 * 1848 November** – King Fredrick William felt it safe to suspend its meeting and order the army back to Berlin __(Page 90____– “The Triumph of Reaction of Prussia____”)__
 * 1848** – Marked as breaking point of Liberalism and Nationalism in Germany __(Page 90__ __– “The Failure of Liberalism____”)__


 * 1849 April** – after long debate it was decided that Frankfurt to exclude Austria from the German Federation. Fredrick William was offered the position of German Emperor to which he refused because of his hatred for the revolutionaries who offered it and would provoke a war with Austria. __(Page 90 –__ __“The Frankfurt Parliament____”)__


 * 1849** – Fredrick William dispatched Prussian troops to put down the revolutionaries who had seized power in other German States __(Page 90__ __– “The Prussian Constitution____”)__
 * 1849** – Franz Joseph (New Austrian Emperor) suppressed the uprising in the Austrian Empire aided by 140 000 Russian Troops. __(Page 90____– “The Prussian Constitution____”)__


 * 1850** – 8260 kms of railways made within Germany __(Page 87 – “Economic Development”)__


 * 1850** – 211 000 tonnes of iron were produced in Germany __(Page 87 – “Economic Development”)__


 * 1850** – Prussia’s constitution was revised and remained in force until **1918**. __(Page 90__ __– “The Prussian Constitution____”)__


 * 1860** – 10 600 kms of railways made within Germany __(Page 87 – “Economic Development”)__


 * 1860** – 1 391 555 tonnes of iron were produced in Germany __(Page 87 – “Economic Development”)__