The+Carlsbad+Degrees

=The Carlsbad Decrees: =

__**The symbol of the Burschenschaften.**__ = = In Germany, during the 1800s, the concepts of liberalism and political reforms were vastly explored by individuals from the middle and lower classes of the society. As much as liberalism was encouraged by the deprived individuals it was exceedingly discouraged by the governing bodies. Due to the government’s involvement in controlling and preventing liberalism movements minor rising society started to form. This society was named the //Burschenschaften// (the //Unconditionals//) and formed in the year 1816. This society consisted university students who wanted to spread the message of the government’s authority and continue spreading the ideas on liberalism. Their approach were successful as they used passive methods such as speeches to inform the society of there message. There message was spread and encouraged by many universities and thus the //Burschenschaften// group was thriving.

__**A drawing of Karl Sand attemoting to murder August von Kotzebue. This image illustrates Sand to be a assain and malevolence.**__

These circumstances changed in 1819 as one of the members of this society, Karl Sand, murdered a 3rd rate play write, August von Kotzebue. Even though Sand was mentally unstable he was considered an assassin. Austrian Foreign Minster Prince Metternich, who opposed the liberalism movement and the //Burschenschaften//, considered this is an opportunity to abolish the //Burschenschaften// and persuade the individuals to re-consider their opinion on liberalism. Thus began the strategy of the Carlsbad Decrees by Metternich. This was primarily a way to stop liberalism and therefore a collection of boundaries for the society. This idea was initially considered by Metternich’s advisor Gentz, who persuaded Metternich to “seize” this opportunity.

__**An image of Metternich. (left)**__

To persuade the public, Metternich on his tour of Italy said:

"I have for my part no doubt that the murderer did not act simply from motives of his own, but in consequence of a secret league. Here we find great evil and some good, for poor Kotzebue now appears argumenta ad hominem which even the liberal Duke of Weimar cannot defend. It will be my care to draw from the affair the best possible results, and in this endeavor I shall not be found lukewarm....I beg of you earnestly to entreat Tettenborn [Baden ambassador at Vienna] to urge his government to go thoroughly into the investigation, and not allow it to be cut short."

 The Carlsbad Decree resulted to the formation of new laws which altered many things. The most significant are:

__**UNIVERSITY LAWS:**__ 1.Reformers of local government beign forced out and thus the end of the german reform movemtnts. 2. A government alloated University leader who is promoting “good” and “moral” teachings. This also meant the removal of all the teachers who promoted the idea of liberalism and joined the students. (This clearly represents the idea of hegemony, as the ideas that are only government apporved are promoted and taught to students. 3.Laws stating the ban of illict socities harshly enforced. Sanction to this crime was the student not beign permitted in any public office. 4.Any student who has been expelled from a university would not be accepted in any other university.

__**PRESS LAWS:**__ 1.No printed material, that either is a daily issue or more than 20 pages, would be allowed to be given to the public. 2. Each state of the German Confederation is dependable for their own area of supervision and enfocement of the law.

 **To recive more information on THE CARLSBAD DECREES visit the following websites:** [|**http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees**]  [|**http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/curriculum/papers/carlsbad.html**]  [|**http://www.wpunj.edu/~history/study/ws2/set6b.htm**]  